For example, impressions of trustworthiness are highly correlated with impressions of niceness and warmth (Collova et al., 2019).
Moreover, impressions themselves are often intercorrelated, rendering it difficult to disentangle which impressions are driving any real‐world consequences or to build a complete theory of facial impression formation (Secord, 1958 Todorov et al., 2015). Impressions are famously rich: for example, nearly 18,000 words in English refer to descriptions of others' personality and behaviour (Allport & Odbert, 1936), while faces contain a wealth of visual and social cues to impressions (Bruce & Young, 2012 Calder & Rhodes, 2011). Given the importance of facial impressions to everyday decisions, it is crucial that we understand how and why they are formed. Unfortunately, with the rise of social media and online peer‐to‐peer marketplaces, the pervasive influence of impressions from face images is likely increasing (Sutherland, Burton, et al., 2020).
Moreover, these impressions are often hard to shift (Chang et al., 2010) and can affect social behaviour even in the presence of more valid cues (Ert et al., 2016). For example, perceived facial trustworthiness can predict consumer choices (Ert et al., 2016), online financial lending (Duarte et al., 2012) and even death penalty decisions (Wilson & Rule, 2015). Yet, despite this limited accuracy, facial impressions often have critical social consequences. Impressions of traits from faces have at best only limited accuracy, meaning that their everyday use is problematic (Foo et al., 2021). Many studies have shown that people tend to agree on their impressions and that impressions from faces are formed readily (Klapper et al., 2016 Oosterhof & Todorov, 2008), implicitly (Swe et al., 2020) and with minimal information even a single glimpse of a photograph can suffice (Willis & Todorov, 2006).
People form impressions of a stranger's character in a fraction of a second (Henss, 1991 Willis & Todorov, 2006), in spite of the common advice ‘not to judge a book by its cover’ (Figure (Figure1). We relate this discussion to the phylogenetic, cultural, individual and developmental origins of facial impressions and define priority research questions for the field including investigating non‐WEIRD cultures, tracking the developmental trajectory of impressions and determining the malleability of impression formation. We integrate these results involving conceptual influences on impressions with another substantial body of research in visual cognition which demonstrates that much of the variance in impressions can be predicted from perceptual, data‐driven models using physical cues in face images. One such body of work has shown clear overlap between the fields of face perception and social stereotyping by demonstrating a role for conceptual stereotypes in impression formation from faces. Over the last decade many studies have sought to trace the links between facial cues and social perception and behaviour. Impressions from faces are made remarkably quickly and they can underpin behaviour in a wide variety of social contexts.
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